The aims of this paper are (i) to review the current knowledge about systematics, ecology and conservation practices on L. Despite several studies carried out in the last years for the monitoring methods of the species, an analytical comparison between them is still lacking. Loss and fragmentation of suitable habitats is one of the major threats for this species which is included in Annex II of the Habitats Directive. The species is typical of mature deciduous forests, especially oak woodlands. Lucanus cervus is one of the most charismatic saproxylic beetles, widely distributed in Europe. Based on these findings, forestry management strategies should not overlook the importance of fine deadwood in managing saproxylic biodiversity in European forests. Both species prefer narrow, faded, soft, very powdery, humid logs. Their presence-but not their abundance-is related the plant taxon, diameter and decay stage of the deadwood, predominantly belonging to the family Fagaceae but-a new finding-also to the family Salicaceae (Salix caprea L.). They are predominantly found at medium to high elevations on north-facing slopes. A multi-year collection of data on the habitat and microhabitat deadwood-related requirements of Platycerus caraboides (Linnaeus, 1758) and Platycerus caprea (De Geer, 1774) in northern Italian forests has shed new light on the bio-ecology of these two reclusive species. Stag beetle (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) larvae are saproxylic organisms specialized in living in deadwood colonized by microorganisms these beetles are bioindicators of forest integrity and are currently under threat by habitat loss, climate change and intensive forest management. Deadwood is one of the main indicators of forest biodiversity.
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